第三人与有过失的规则体系建设研究

 

第1部分　第三人与有过失的规则体系建设研究
第2部分　第三人与有过失规则的法理基础与立法实践
第3部分　第三人与有过失规则的适用范围
第4部分　第三人与有过失的构成与类型
第5部分　第三人与有过失的法律效果
第6部分　第三人与有过失相关制度构建结语与参考文献

 

 

 

　　摘 要

　　第三人与有过失规则是过失相抵制度的一个特例。在我国司法实践中，第三人与有过失的案件屡见不鲜，但是，我国对此的法律规定近乎一片空白，学界也并未形成一致观点。文章采用了比较分析和案例分析等方法，以第三人与有过失的界定为起点，分析它的法理基础以及国内外立法实践状况，从第三人与有过失的适用范围、构成要件、类型表现以及法律效果几个方面具体展开，试图为构建第三人与有过失的规则体系献言献策。

　　文章第一部分对第三人与有过失进行概述。首先，在分析有关学者观点的前提下，对第三人与有过失做出了具体的界定。其次，提出第三人与有过失的法理基础在于公平价值与替代责任。最后，通过对国内外立法实践的具体分析，总结出我国在相关立法以及司法实践中的不足。

　　文章第二部分对第三人与有过失的适用范围进行分析。首先，通过分析指出第三人与有过失可以适用于合同责任领域，包括违约责任领域与缔约过失责任领域。其次，根据侵权责任领域存在的特殊情况分别进行讨论。在特殊侵权行为领域，第三人与有过失可以适用于无过错责任领域，但其适用应有所倾斜；在人身损害赔偿领域与精神损害赔偿领域，由于人身损害与精神损害更具有社会危害性与不可恢复性，仅限于直接受害人（死者）与有过失的情形。

　　文章第三部分对第三人与有过失的构成与类型表现进行了分析。首先，分析了第三人与有过失的构成要件。主体要件指的是第三人，主观要件指的是第三人的过错，客观要件包括不当行为、因果关系与过失相抵能力。其次，通过司法实践的考察，分析了三种典型的第三人与有过失类型，分别是法定代理人与有过失、使用人与有过失以及直接受害人与有过失。

　　文章第四部分对第三人与有过失的法律效果进行了分析。首先，从过失相抵的学说争议展开，分析了过错程度决定说、原因力决定说和综合说，并深入剖析，提出应当侧重于过错程度的比较。其次，提出了过错程度以及原因力大小的判断标准与具体认定方式。最后，根据第三人与有过失的特性，分析了向第三人追偿的问题。

　　关键词：第三人与有过失， 过失相抵， 比较过失， 比较过错

　　Abstract

　　The system of imputed contributory negligence is a special case of the system of contributorynegligence. There are abundant cases of imputed contributory negligence in the judicial practice ofChina, while it is almost blank in legislation and scholars with divergent opinions have notachieved consensus yet. By using methods of comparative analysis and case analysis, the paperstarts with the definition of imputed contributory negligence, then introducing the jurisprudentialbasis as well as the situations of legislation and practice at home and abroad. Besides, by analyzingthe scope of application, the constitutive requirements, the types and the legal effect, the paperproposes rationalization in order to set up a relatively perfect system of imputed contributorynegligence.

　　The first chapter gives an overview of imputed contributory negligence. At first, the definitionof imputed contributory negligence is presented on the basis of analyzing previous scholars'

　　opinions. Then, it points out that the jurisprudential basis of imputed contributory negligence lies infair value and vicarious liability. At last, it summarizes the shortages in legislation and practice ofChina by comparing the situations at home and abroad.

　　The second chapter demonstrates the scope of application of imputed contributory negligence.

　　On one side, it can be applied in the field of contract liability, including the areas of liability forbreach of contract and contracting fault liability. On the other side, it differs in some special areasof the field of tort liability. In the special tort field, it can be applied in the area of no-fault liabilitywith certain tilt, and in the field of compensation for personal injury and compensation for mentaldamage, just direct victim's contributory negligence can be applied because personal injury andmental damage are more harmful to the society and more irretrievable.

　　The third chapter describes the constitutive requirements and the types of imputedcontributory negligence. Firstly, it makes an analysis of the constitutive requirements. The subjectelement is the third person, and the subjective element is the fault of the third person. The objectiveelement includes misconduct, the causal relationship and the ability of contributory negligence.

Tags： 人与  第三  研究  有过失  规则  建设  体系 

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